History Of Soccer :: essays research papers

SoccerSoccer is a great chromosomal mutation that has influencednations. Millions gather to becharm skilled athletescompete in a game of soccer. It is an internationalsport, so popular that physical education programs havesoccer integrated into their plans. some(prenominal) localcommunities also have soccer organizations for youths.Soccer has an interesting narration going back as far asancient capital of Italy and Greece. Some other interesting topicsthat deal with soccer are my individualized feelings aboutthe sport and my opinions on the prospective of soccer. in that location in non much to be told about the originof soccer. In ancient capital of Italy and Greece, football andkicking games were played. In 1863, the London FootballAssociation unquestionable the first set of rules. Towardsthe end of the 19th century, soccer was brought to the linked States. entirely people didn?t start to take a likingto the sport until WWI. In 1908, soccer was made anofficial Olympic spor t. Since then, soccer?s popularityhas spread like fire.To me, soccer is an outstanding sport. I lovethe strategical planning that occurs in the game ofsoccer. To play soccer, you need to be mobile and agile,and your footwork must be meticulous. I like soccerbecause it comes natural to me. There?s nothing likewaking up early on Saturdays and playing a competitivegame. When I score goals, which I do often, I get thebest feeling. I am contributing to my squad winning.That?s why I like soccer.In the future, I mean soccer leave behind stay theweekend sport. I doubt that it will ever become aspopular as basketball i.e.. NBA. It is change magnitude inpopularity in the United Sports though. But you see,that?s in the United States. I visited Mexico lastsummer for a month and observed that soccer was themain sport. People would play pick-up games of socceron basketball courts, as parks and grass space werelimited. I say this only to file that soccer?s waningpopularity in the US is minu scule compared to thepopularity in other countries. So we never know, morepeople in the future may tune their TV sets to the

Fedex Operation Mangement

The organizations name and main line of subscriber line FEDEX confederations Logistics 2. Specific type of operation Air and Ground Delivery Specializing in Next sidereal mean solar day Delivery 3. Describe the nature of operations cognitive process given your newfound understanding of operation focussing and productivity a. process and product design i. Supply mountain chain management ii. Next Day Delivery Services b. Quality management Customer oriented barter People First doctrine c.Process and capacity use of available technologies (web found tracking system) to enable customers real time access to information related to their packages to increase customer satisfaction task employees to stand for of innovation as part of their day to day job d. Location sites located locally and globally (over 220 countries) e. Layout and design operated and owed independently f. Job Design based on parcel shipping done ground and air, e-commerce and business wait ons g.Supp ly Chain Management h. Inventory Management use improved technology affaire to meet its goals i. Scheduling 24 hour shipping operation globally 4. Main tenance Owns and operates and maintains over 90K ground vehicles 663 aircrafts in more than 375 airports 5. Global outline of the Organization FEDEX is the embodiment of operation management. The company started out as shipping company in 1971 to a multibillion dollar federation with current tax revenue of $42. 7 billion in the current fiscal year.Originally FEDEX started with freight speech communication through ground and air which expanded to four divisions FEDEX Express, Ground, Freight, and Services. FEDEX success in todays business due to their diligence in addressing base Management Functions planning, organizing, staffing, leading and chequerling as well as addressing the ten critical decisions associated with a very successful business. FEDEX CEO and founder Mr. Fred smith planning his organization from fledgling c ompany offering delivery of subaltern packages and documents to approximately 25 cities in the United States.His efficient ideas of outlining delivery service in the computer information age was outstanding non exclusively did his idea went to fruition became FEDEX blue print for success. He organized his corporation by having locally owned company can concentrated on specific needs of that area through FEDEX business practice not only minimize staffing overhead, it in any case gave the independent companies the flexibility they need without losing control of core principles is a great example of successful and triumphant Corporation in the modern era.FEDEX address their ten critical decision areas by incorporating it through their mission, strategies and values. Their customer centric mission People First Philosophy embodies their service and product design. Their process and capacity is addressed again through customer satisfaction by utilizing modern technology such as the in ternet to give real time in-transit information on their packages and tasking the employees to think of innovative ways to operate as part of their day to day job is a great example of empowerment to improve the campaign place resulting in efficient ways to operate.Independently owned and operated sites are some other way to save money in lower overhead cost. This also allows the site to concentrate on the particular requirements of the customers in that area. FEDEX is in the cutting edge of a successful business because of how they employ and use operation management techniques and addressing the ten critical decision areas through their mission, strategies and values that centers on employees and customers.

The Usefulness of Traditional and New Performance Measures Used in Nigerian Companies

profit OF TRADITIONAL AND NEW mental process MEASURES SOME demonstration FROM NIGERIAN COMPANIES BY DR. (MRS. ) S. L. ADEYEMI DEPARTMENT OF crease ADMINISTRATION UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN ABSTRACT This root reports the imageings of a conform to on the usefulness of selected conventional and unused mental process banners used in some Nigeria companies that chip in adopted a waxy manufacturing outline. The results indicate that bulk of these companies considered the new proceeding measures useful concomitantly among the big companies and among those with 5 old age or little of business screw.Traditional measures be just-tempered useful, though to a much less(prenominal)er extent. These results suggest that a crew of both handed-down and new measures would be needed especially when Nigeria companies ar qualifying through the transition of implementing swaps to their st trampgies from live leading to on the table manufacturing. entering The combination of slo wer economic growth and increased competition has agonistic impregnables in every industry to concent send on efficient and good deployment of resources. One result of these efforts has been the emergence of a new corporate gravel devoted to controllership.The controller is concerned with continuous measurement of a firms transaction. In order to carry out the measurement process, controllership focuses on the assessment of resources deployment and goal attainment Numerous research initiatives turn over place the senior high correlation between superior mental processs and the development and use of ripe assessment or measurement capabilities. As early as 1985, A. T. Kuarney Consultants notice that firm engaging in comprehensive surgical operation realized improvements in boilersuit harvest-timeiveness in the range of 14 to 22 percent.Effort has been expended by establishments to improve the feeling of information that their managers aim at their disposal to measure, equalise and guide writ of execution. In most firms in Nigeria the conventional formats and travel reports be still in used. TRADITIONAL AND MODERN MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE AN OVERVIEW OF A inspection The traditional executing measurement dodging has been intentional to report grasp ingatheringivity, mould and capacity utilization, and tired live variances.These are cost-efficiency-based measures derived from a scheme to minimize exertion be, described as a cost leadership schema, which is characterized by mass production of a new standard products cerebrate stable applied science (hall, 1980 Kaplan. 1986). The modern manufacturing environment has undergone dramatic changes since the past decades generally because of intensive global competition, shifts in customers buying behaviour, and quick fundament in manufacturing and information technology product.A cost-minimization and mass production strategy is no longer compatible with this new manufacturing scenar io. Instead, issues such(prenominal) as reactivity to customer needs, improving select, reducing lead sentences, technological innovation and enhancing production flexibility have emerged as strategicalally to a greater extent important to avow war-riddenness. Direct attention to these issues is the essence of a conciliatory manufacturing strategy. (Nemetz and baby, 1988). Despite this strategic re-orientation among the much progressive companies, carrying into action measurement brasss have not kept pace with the change.The theory of organizational fling has been involved to justify this lag in making changes. The theory of organizational lag has been involved to explain this lag in making changes to management accounting systems of which exercise system forms a part. According to this theory, administrative innovations in management accounting (and performance) systems tilt to lag female genitalia the technical innovations of manufacturing. This is because the po tential benefits of administrative innovations are less certain and are likely to contribute more(prenominal) time to have any recognizable impact (Dunk, 1989).Failure to make complementary changes in the performance measurement system to fit with the companys new flexible manufacturing strategy may lead to dysfunctional consequences. As pointed out by Howell and Soucy, (1987). The manufacturing transformation in many companies has been slowed, if not set back, as primitive sets of operating performance yardsticks promote inaccurate analysis, poor operating decisions, and unbefitting resource allocations.This paper reviews traditional financial measures of performance and discussed the potential benefits of incorporating new performance measures into the performance measurement system. The usefulness of these measures was empirically tested apply a sample of Nigerian Companies that have adopted flexible manufacturing strategy. The pouch of responding companies came from the e lectronic and other high technology product industries (60%) Business experience was categorized into groups, as follows 5 eld and below (7. 5%( > 5-10 years (22. 5%) and > 10 years (50%).TRADITIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES Traditional performance measures have been developed to meet the needs of manufacturing characterized by the production of standard products with high direct weary contest. Set ups are minimized to assure constant production runs. In this way, toil and machine capacities fucking be in full utilized and the greatest possible output produced with a successive decrease in the bang cost per unit of output. The competitive strategy is cost minimization, so variance reporting, overhead absorption and capacity utilization measures fittingly reflect this strategy.Variance Reporting The use of variance accounting for managerial performance evaluation has been criticized as counter-effective in the modern global environment (Howell &038 Soucy, 1987). This is b ecause traditional variance analysis encourages dysfunctional behaviours such as allowing line to condition up so as to show a favourable intensiveness variance, and delaying machine maintenance, padding the budget or shifting outlays between accounts so as to show a favourable set downs variance.Purchasing managers, for example, may act dysfunctionally by purchasing materials based on lowest expenditure considerations at the expense of quality so as to show a favourable materials bell variance. The consequences of inferior quality materials purchased are manifested in increased reworks, scraps, inspections and storage of uncollectible parts leading to higher production cost and loss of competitiveness. The bulk variance as a manufacturing indicator has been criticized since traditional absorption cost encourages excessive production in order to absorb the fixed overheads into inventory costs.Maximizing capacity utilization is necessary to achieve cost minimization. However , such a polity is short-sighted because any production in excess of market drive mustiness be consigned to inventory and this runs counter to the just-in-time philosophy of maintaining a vigor inventory with all its attendant benefits (Sadhwani, et al, 1985). Variance reports at the managers level are to a fault too aggregated for meaningful interpretation. Moreover, the standard cost itself may be perceived the norm eliminating any inducement for product innovation.In this case an unintended place has been put out which keep mum efforts to infuse a culture of continuous improvement. Capacity utilization measures productivity improvement, automation and robotics have shrank direct cranch cost to only a downhearted fraction of the be manufacturing cost, whereas overheads have increased probatively. Despite these developments and the consequent impact on cost structures, reports from surveys in various countries indicated that companies have not responded in tandem with th e technological changes (Schoch, et al. , 1994 Teoh, 1991).This has serious implications for production costing and performance evaluation as the continued focus on direct labour means labour is still considered a major driver of costs when it is no longer relevant. The result is the development of burden rates that are volume-driven, based on a diminished direct labour element. much(prenominal) a computed burden rate is artificially inflated due to the small direct labour base. Hen applied to an change magnitude pool of overheads, the incurrence of which may not be totally volume-driven, the labour generated burden rate washstand lead to serious distortions of the overheads absorbed into production cost.This is because of the unrealistic burden rate used which does not reflect the actual consumption of overheads by variant products or processes (Kaplan, 1986). The overhead absorption measure gives rise to a distort product cost analysis, so good performance is associated with products apparently cover profitable margins but are actually incurring loses (Beckett &038 Dang, 1992). Thus an improper signal about gainfulness is receivedEarned hours, as a measure of labour efficiency, is also deficient since it provides an erroneous signal to supervisors to maximize realise hours by keeping employees gain fully occupied regardless of market conditions. It would have been more beneficial in the long term to use the time for genteelness or cross preparation of operators so as to upgrade their skills. The machine utilization rate, as a measure of supervisory performance, also suffers from a number of deficiencies. It encourages the excessive use of machines for large-scale production, resulting in an unwidely accumulation of inventory.Worse still, maximize the utilization rate encourages continuous machine usage at the expense of regular maintenance. Moreover, the focus on utilization may lead to incapable emphasis on quality. Short-term Financial Measure s Although achieving profit and an acceptable expire on investment are the raison detre for a company to perplex in business, the traditional focus on these performance measures however encourages managers to take a myopic view that emphasizes short-term results to the detriment of long-term profitability (Banks &038 Wheelwright, 1979).This is the gaming effect where management manipulates accounting figures to show favourable results or alternatively, builds in slack to ensure that budget targets (Merchant, 1985) are met. Reliance on short-term financial measures can lead to dysfunctional decisions since these indications fail to signal the erosion of a firms respect if discretionary expenditures have to be reduced for short-term gains. Such spending is fact of the essence(p) for new products development production process improvement, worker skills training and upgrading dispersal networks and promoting customer awareness (Kaplan, 1986).Furthermore, profit measures represent out totals that may not fully reflect managements effort (Drucker, 1964). Stated differently, total performance cannot be realizedly captured by Naira profits. NEW PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVES In the new technological environment, a flexible manufacturing strategy must be implemented that focuses on customer responsiveness, quality, time, innovation and human resources practices. A performance measurement system designed to achieve the traditional objective of cost efficiency will be incongruent with this new strategy.It is necessary to plan the system so as to reflect this change in strategic objectives. Customer Responsiveness increasingly, customers demand not only a die service but also a wider variety of products with improved quality and shorter delivery times ( nonethey, 1991). Customer responsiveness examines a firms relative ability to satisfy customers. Therefore, high customer responsiveness translates into greater customer retention, leading to longer-term.Profi tability as the costs of acquiring and serving customers come down. Customers responsiveness measures therefore must be designed into the performance measure system. These accept reporting on the number of customer complaints, warranty claims, and on-time deliveries, among others. As Eccles (1991) put it bluntly what you measure is what you get and what you measure gets attention, indicating that performance measures must be relevant to send the right signals for employees to achieve coveted company objectives.For example, a system that evaluates how well customer demands have been convenient can better support efforts in achieving sustainable competitive wages than one that emphasizes labour or machinery efficiency in internal trading operations (Beckette &038 Dang, 19910, Goldhar &038 Lei 1991). fictional character feel measures, which are the most process-oriented evaluations are designed to determine the effectiveness of a series of activities rather than the individual a ctivity. select refers to the degree to which a products specific features in scathe of workmanship durability and so on satisfy the requirements of a particular customer.Poor quality can contribute to a significant increase in the manufacturing costs in various ways. As Howell and Soucy (1997) stated The absence of good materials, highly-trained labour, and well-maintained equipment will dramatically increase the costs of non quality such as scrap, rework, excess inventories, process and equipment breakdowns, field serves, and warranty claims. However, quality is usually gruelling to measure because of the broad scope. A contemporary measurement concept that is increasing in interest is the perfect order.Delivery of the perfect order is the supreme measure of quality operations. The perfect order represents ideal performance from an useable perspective, a multi-industry consortium defines the perfect order as one that meets the complete delivery of all items requested, deliver y customers request visualise with one-day tolerance, complete and accurate documentation supporting the order and perfect condition, that is, faultlessly installed, correct configuration, customer-ready with no damage. Operational and financial measurers to monitor quality include the manufacturing quality index (i. . defect rates), inventory levels, warranty claims, vendor quality, cost of quality and scrap cost. All these provide valuable feedback for listing existing problems and assessing whether the quality objective is adequately meet. metre Reducing level times is also of the new manufacturing strategy through out, (manufacturing rhythm method of birth control) time measures the amount of time demand to convert raw materials into completed products. Cycle time is the total care for from the issue of materials into production to the delivery of the final products to customers.The theory is that the cost of a product is upholdd to the time required to produce it. Cycle time variance therefore provides useful information about non-value-adding activities such as moving, inspecting, reworking, storing and waiting, that added to production costs as overhead charges but no value to customers (Alexander et al, 1991). Using throughput and cycle times as performance measures assist managers to croak these non-value adding activities, considered as waste time, and achieve substantial cost savings.Thus, according to Lippa (1990) Shorter cycle times can result in less finished goods inventory, less forecast reliance, strategic capability when a firm reacts to customer demands winged than the competition and the ability to exploit opportunities). Innovation in todays competitive environment companies must continuously engage in product improvement be designing new and improved products with unique characteristics treasured by customers. Only in this way are companies able to puff out their market share and maintain a competitive edge.Introducing technol ogical innovation and advanced design features into new products is costly initially and requires operational flexibility unlike cycle have unique characteristics (Ainikal &038 Teo, 1992) that will require performance measures tailored for this purpose such as turnover by products and product cost improvement. Human Resources The benefit of adopting a long-term employment policy is a loyal and committed workforce, resulting in productivity increases, reduced training costs, and improved customer services since this is provided by long-serving, presumably more go through and better-informed employees.A performance measure such as employee turnover is needed to help management assess an enterprises human resource availability and capabilities. It is against this background that the present study has been conducted. In Nigeria, the trend toward high technology manufacturing is a young event, partly motivated by rising costs and partly encouraged by the Government as a strategy to ma intain a sustainable competitive edge. As companies automate or adopt advanced manufacturing technology, complementary changes in performance measurement systems must be implemented to reflect the new manufacturing environment.The following sections presented the results of a recent empirical study CASE STUDY METHOD A questionnaire survey design was employed as an exploratory case study. The sample was skeletal from a cross-section of companies in Nigeria that have implemented or are implementing changes in their production processes. Respondents were asked to consider the usefulness of selected performance measures. helpfulness has been operationalized as the frequency of use of each measure. Based on a total of 200 questionnaires distributed, 36 useable replies were received, given a response rate of 18 percent.Response rates of this level were arranged with previous other studies of Ghosen el al, 1992 Petzall el. Al, 1991. Responding companies were classified by size musing sa les turnover as the proxy measure, as follows N20million and below (7. 5%), > N20 million N100 million (17. 5%) > N100 million (75%). It was not surprising to find a higher dower of response from the larger companies, because previous studies have found size as important determinant for a company to adopt a flexible manufacturing strategy (Schoch, el. l, 1994). EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION display panel 1 shows that at to the lowest degree 63 percent of respondents indicated their dissatisfaction with the existing performance measure system. As more and more companies turn to automation or other advanced technology for their manufacturing processes, it is not unexpected that performance measures originally designed for a labour intensive environment will no longer be appropriate.What is renowned is that 37 percent of respondents describe that they were either satisfied with the existing system (26%) or not sure see any need for significant changes to the system (11%). Many of such companies are currently going through the different stages of implementing changes to their manufacturing processes. So it may not be surprising that 37 percent continue to rely on the traditional measures. shelve 1 OVERALL RESPONSE TO TRADITIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE FREQUENCY (EXPRESSED AS %) Satisfied 26 Did not see any significant change needed 11 Dissatisfied 63 Total 100 Table 2 presents findings on the usefulness of selected traditional performance measures. These results are consistent with the overall findings above. For example, for five of the eight measures, the percentage of respondents indicating useful is also lower, ranging from 61. 3 percent for standard cost overhead to 41. 4 percent for earned hours, and these correspond to the overall 63 percent who expressed dissatisfaction with traditional measures.As prior indicated, not all companies have fully automated, so some traditional measures have been regarded as still useful, such as purcha se price variance reported by 86. 7 percent. TABLE 2 USEFULNESS OF TRADITIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES expedient Not or Less multipurpose Materials price variance 86. 7% 13. 3% Standard cost overhead 61. 3% 38. 7% cow dung factor built into standard overhead 51. 6% 48. % Labour Reporting 58. 6% 41. 4% Earned Hours 41. 4% 58. 6% Machine Utilization 78. 8% 21. 2% Net Income 85. 7% 14. 3% Return on Investment (total assets) 50. 0% 50. % Average 64. 1% 35. 9% The new performance measures presented in Table 3 relate to customer responsiveness, quality, time, innovation and human resources factors, reflecting the strategic objectives of the new manufacturing environment. There is overtake evidence that these measurers were found to be useful by most respondents. The overall average of 83. 7 percent compares favourably against the 64. 1 percent for the traditional measures. TABLE 3 USEFULNESS OF NEW PERFORMANCE MEASURE profitable Not or Less Useful Customer Complaints 88. 6% 11. 4% Warranty Claims 75. 8% 24. 2% On-time Delivery 93. 9% 6. 1% Manufacturing Quality Index 82. 4% 17. % Inventory Levels 88. 9% 11. 1% Vendor Quality 84. 8% 15. 2% make up of Quality 84. 4% 15. 6% Scrap Naira 85. 7% 14. 3% Throughput Time 91. 2% 8. % Cycle Time 78. 1% 21. 9% Waste Time 72. 7% 27. 3% Product woo Improvement 70. 0% 30. 0% Inventory Turnover 88. 2% 11. 8% Turnover of Products 78. 8% 21. % Employee Turnover 86. 1% 13. 9% Average 83. 7% 16. 3% Cross-tabulation analyses were performed by company size and years of experience in business. Only significant results have been reported in Table 4 and 5. Larger companies found four specific new performance measures more useful than the smaller companies. On-time deliveries (X2 = 7. 92, df = 2, p < . 05) inventory levels (X2 = 5. 98, df = 2, p < . 05) throughput time (X2 = 9. 80, df = 2, p < . 1) and inventory turnover to be the forerunners in implementing technological innovations, and so find new performance measures more appropriate. Smaller companies tend to lag behind in implementing changes, so adoption of these new measures is not as widespread. In table 5 significant results were found for vendor quality (X2 = 6. 32, df = 2, p < . 05) and throughput time (X2 = 5. 00, df = 2, p < . 10). Companies with 5 years or less in business reported the new measures as useful compared to companies in the other categories, especially in regard to vendor quality longer effected companies have developed special relationship with selected vendors and, consequently, vendor quality is no longer of major concern.In contrast, more recently established companies need to identify vendors who can meet the more stringent demands in high-tech manufacturing, such as just-in-time deliveries and supply of quality materials. TABLE 4 CHI-SQUARE TESTS FOR NEW PERFORMANCE MEASURES BY COMPANY SIZE Company Size On-time Deliveries Inventory Levels Throughput Time Inventory Turnover N20m &038 below Useful 66. 7% 66. 7% 66. 7% 66. 7% Not Useful 33. 3% 33. 3% 33. 3% 33. % >N20m-N100m Useful 85. 7% 71. 4% 71. 4% 71. 4% Not Useful 14. 3% 28. 6% 28. 6% 28. 6% >N100m Useful 100. 0% 96. 7% 75. 0% 96. 7% Not Useful 0. % 3. 3% 25. 0% 3. 3% TABLE 5 CHI-SQUARE TESTS FOR NEW PERFORMANCE MEASURES BY YEARS IN BUSINESS Years in Business Vendor Quality Throughput Time 5 YEARS Useful 100. 0% 100. 0% Not Useful 0. 0% 0. % >5 YEARS 10 YEARS Useful 88. 89% 77. 8% Not Useful 11. 11% 22. 2% >10 YEARS Useful 60. 0% 100. 0% Not Useful 40. 0% 0. 0% closure AND SUMMARYEffective performance measurement and controllership are necessary to locate and monitor resources. As competency becomes a more critical factor in creating and maintaining competitive advantage greater attention must be given to strategic issues concerning customer responsiveness, quality, time, innovation and human resources factors than a cost-minimization mass-production str ategy, in order that companies can remain competitive. To this end, a performance measurement system capable of showdown these strategic objectives also must be in place. This study reported the findings of a survey on the usefulness of selected traditional and new performance measures used by Nigerian companies that have adopted flexible manufacturing strategy.The results indicated that the majority of these companies considered the new performance measures useful particularly among the larger companies and among those with 5 years or less of business experience. Traditional measures are found to be still useful, though to a smaller extent, as companies are going through a transition of implementing changes to their manufacturing strategies. REFERENCES Alexander, G. , G. Gienger, M. Harwood and P. Santomi (1991). The immature Revolution in equal caution, Financial Effective, November/December, pp 5-9. Ainikal, J. and H. Y. Teoh (1992), Overhead Allocations and Product Life Cycl e Emphasis The New Zealand Situation, Accounting ledger (NZ), April, pp 69-71.Banks, R. L. and S. C. Wheelwright (1979), Operations vs Strategy craft Tomorrow for Today, Harvard Business Review, May/June, pp. 112-120. Beckett, W. K. and K. Dang (1992), Synchrous Manufacturing New Method, New expectation The Journal of Business Strategy, January/February, pp 5-6 Drucker, P. (1964), Control, Controls and forethought in C. P. Bonini, R. K. Jaedieke and H. M. Wagner, Management Controls New Directions in Basic Research McGraw. Dunk, A. (1989), Management Accounting Lag, Abacus, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 149-155. Eccles, R. (1991), The Performance Manifesto, Harvard Business Review, January/February, pp. 11-17. Ghosh, B. C. S. K. Teo and A. M. Low (1992), Factors Contributing to the Success of local SMEs An Insight from Singapore, Proceedings of ENDEC World multitude on Entrepreneurship Challenges for the twenty-first Century, pp. 574-585 Goldhar, J. D. &038 D. Lei (1991), The Shape o f Twenty-Frist Century Global Manufacturing, The Journal of Business Strategy, treat/April, pp. 1-41. Hall, W. K. (1980), Survival Strategies in Hostile Environment, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 75-85. Howell, R. A. and S. R. Soucy (1987), in operation(p) Controls in the New Manufacturing Environment, Manufacturing Accounting (USA), October, pp. 25-31. Kaplan, R. S. (1986). Accounting Lag The Obsolescence of Cost Accounting System, California Management Review, Winter, pp. 174-199. Lippa, V. (1990), Measuring Performance with Synchrous Management, Management Accounting (USA), February, pp. 54-59. Merchant, K. (1985), Budgeting and the Propensity to Create Budgetary Slack, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 10, pp. 201-210. Nemetz, P. L. and L. W. Fry (1988), Flexible Manufacturing Organizations Implications for Strategy Formulation and Organization Design, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 627-638. Northey, P. (1991), Cut Total Costs with C ycle Time decrease, CMA Magazine, February, pp. 19-22 Petzall, S. , S. K. Teoh and R. D.Johnson (1992), Leadership in the Singapore Small Business, Proceedings of ENDEC Conference on World Entrepreneurship Challenges for the 21st Century, pp. 143-151. Sadhwani, A. T. M. H. Sarhan and D. Kiringode (1985), Just-in-time An Inventory System Whose Time Has pay back, Management Accounting (USA), December, pp. 36-44. Schoch, H. P. H. Y. Teoh, M. H. Lee and K. B. Ang (1994), Activity-Based Costing in the Electronics Industry, Journal of Small Business &038 Entrepreneurship, January- March, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 28-37. Teoh, H. Y. (1991), Discretionary or Non-Discretionary Costs Managing balloon Indirect Costs in a Profitable Manner, seventh National Accounting Conference, Kuala Lumpur, September, pp. 18-19.

Survey Questionnaire

Please choose as honestly as possible and suss out your answer/s. We ensure that your answers will be kept in harsh confidentiality. Thank you very much 1. Please indicate which allowance hold up you most likely belong to oGr play outer than Php 400 / daytime oPhp 300-399 / day oPhp 200-299 / day oPhp 100-299 / day oLess than Php 100 / day 2. How much are you willing to go across for snack items? oPhp 10 or less oPhp 11-20 oPhp 21-30 oPhp 31-40 oPhp 40 or much 3. Are you fond of run downing potato chips? oYes oNo 4. How often do you down potato chips? everyday o1-2 times a week oonce every 2 weeks oonce a month 5. What flavor of potato chips do you usually eat? oSalted oCheese oBarbeque oSour Cream oOthers ___________________________ 6. Do you prefer your potato chips coated, dipped or just plain? oCoated oDipped (dip is separate) oPlain 7. What type of coating or dip do you indispensability for your potato chips? oChocolate oCaramel oVanilla oOthers _______________________ ____ 8. Other than potato chips, what snack items do you usually eat? oBreadsticks oCrackers oDonuts oPastries Others ___________________________ 9. Are you willing to buy our product? oYes oNo oDepends why? ___________________________ 10. Do you fool any comments or suggestions for our product? oNo oYes ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Thank you very much for victorious part in our survey. God bless and good day ?

Personality Conflicts in Crow Lake

In the unexampled genus Corvus Lake by Mary Lawson, the reader learns how personalities and habits can either tear families apart or keep them together. Luke the oldest brother and Mat the youngest both learn how to use their diametrical personalities to run a palmy household. Yet give way advantages and disadvantages to their characters. Luke beingness the oldest he feels that he is responsible for his siblings, but his habits lighten uply show that he cannot swot up them on his own. He was still holding onto the fact that he was able to take care of them. First off, Luke has a laid back military position.He thinks that constantlyything is discharge to campaign itself out and that he does not have to worry roughly a thing. This kind of attitude has both advantages and disadvantages. ace of the benefits was the time that he had to be with his two little sisters. This is evident as he remain home a lot and does not toss them amid neighbors to be babysit. Lukes persona lity also showed a very optimistic aspect. aft(prenominal) Luke announced that he was not going to go a agency to teachers college and that he was going to repose home and get a job, gym mat and aunty Annie were trying to convince him not to make that decision he utter I populate I can do it.I know it wouldnt be easy, but neighbors would uphold and eerything. Wed work it out. I know I can do it (77). Next Luke is very nonchalant or so specie and job opportunities. This is mainly how monotonous and Luke collided. Their attitude about money and jobs were very different. Lawson writes about many promotes the brothers have had over one being too stressed or the other not being perceptive enough. For example, Lawson explains in Kates point of view, Luke losing his job, for instance I know that discerning mat a lot more than it did Luke.Not that Luke wasnt concerned, but ever since the day hed decided to stay home and aim after us, he seemed to have an unshakeable faith tha t everything would work out first-rate but I think that calm certainty of his drove Matt mad and that was a major cause of the increasing friction between them (163-164). This quote proves how reversal Luke and Matt re exclusivelyy are. The conflict between them deathlessly starts when Matt becomes consciously worrisome. Finally Luke seems to have a way of someways fashioning everything workout.For instance, Luke got a job offer to clear two farming of forestry but he turned it down because hed verbalise he was going to stay with Bo for a year, and he was going to stay with her for a year (209). Now, Lukes irrationality paid off in the end, almost as if destiny were bending to his result (210). He ends up accepting the job because Mrs. Stanovich generously offers to help out. Two afternoons a calendar week she could look after the girls, do a bit of cooking, maybe a bit of cleaningthe Lord had spoken to her and she was going to do his will (211-212).Matts traits display a v ery realistic person and the mightiness to foresee problems. To begin with, Matts personality causes agitation with Luke as well as helpfulness. If Matt hadnt thought of the problems in situations, he wouldnt have been able to help solve them. Weve got to do something, Luke. Were going through Dads money so turbulent (175). Secondly, Matt forced the reality that there was no possible way he could go to university. Luke would have been unable to take care of the girls and work at the same time.So Matt got a job at the Hudson talk Store and enforced a routine. He quotes, Even if we make it through this year, how are you going to manage when I leave? Its impossible. One of us has to work and one of us has to stay home thats the only way (178). To end, that Matt stayed at home was a help for Kate who had a strong need to be with her brother. Kate looked up to Matt as a role model. She admired everything about him. It was hard enough on her the news of her parents death, she didnt ne ed him gone too.Matt became Kates best consort and much of what she accomplished in her future was because of Matt. She became a biologist because of all the time they spent at the ponds and Matt teaching Kate about nature. Our visits to the ponds, which had organize such a fundamental part of my lifeThe interest which Matt had sparked had developed by then into a deeper curiosity (218). Matts role is huge in this novel. He affects every character in a great way. Luke and Matts differences also have a major impact on their little sisters.For starters, their fights stole some of Kate and Bos innocence. The brothers had not learned to solve problems in a healthy panache and so the girls had witnessed multiple fights that scared them. An example of one of the fights is I sat rigid, not breathing. There was a crash in the living elbow room and they started shouting again. Bostood therewatching them I looked down and saw Bo thrill so that even her hair seemed to vibrateHer mouth wi de easy and tears pouring down her face but she wasnt making any sound. She was so brave, Bo. I thought nothing could frighten her (179-181).Next toward the end of the novel Luke and Matt seemed to level out and learn how to resolve conflict. They had to be threatened to be separated from their sisters in order to shape up the way they were acting. They started working together to hold back their tongues when they wanted to fight back. Dr Christopherson says What had happened in front of Kate and Bo must never happen again. He said that as much as he would hate to do it, if he ever had any reason to suspect a repeathe would have no choice but to contact Aunt Annie(207).In conclusion, the reader learns that opposite personalities eventually brought the Morrison family together. Even though it is not potent in the novel that they consciously acknowledge the fact that they are vastly and uniquely different, it is clear that they only wanted to do all they could to stay in Crow Lake wi th their sisters. Just like Luke quotes multiple times something will turn up. Indeed, something did show up every time. Lukes laid back attitude really worked itself out in the end. Just like Matts ability to see things for what they really are. They finally managed to run a successful household.

The controversy and the future of Common Agricultural Policy of European Union

Agriculture is a problematic area in every developed country. Free market economy that allows direct opposition of hoidenish products can often cause a surplus or shortage of certain(p) products, and quality changes. In order to date honest supply of food member states of the European Union decided to collaborate and transferred the authority over factory farm policy to European train. Common farming(a) Policy was set in 1961 and its aims were to improve end product and solve breathing problems in farming all over EU member states.The forward successes of cooperation with coal and steel, and the fact that most states had difficulties to produce certain goods logically conduct to deeper cooperation in agriculture, and to strong-armer. Today, CAP is regarded as the most developed of the European Unions policies and covers around 90% of all agricultural products (reader). But, also it is regarded as the most debatable and has been responsible for some contradict consequ ences on the industry, and it had to go under umpteen reforms. This essay will explain why CAP has been both celebrated and criticized. Also, it will include the challenges that will be put in earlier of it by the future enlargement of European Union.At the time CAP was made, national agricultures had all common problems. Although the different level of development, and different level on dependence on this industry between member states of EC, at that place were some immense troubles to be solved by Cap deficits of certain goods, inefficient production practices, poorness of people employed in agriculture, speedily dynamic prices, substantial variations in quality of products etc. The destinations of policy define in Maastricht Treaty, article 39(a) to increase agricultural productivity by promoting technical progress and by ensuring the rational development of agricultural production and the optimum utilization of the factors of production, in fact labor(b) thus to ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community, in particular by increasing the individual earnings of persons engaged in agriculture(c) to stabilize markets(d) to assure the availability of supplies(e) to ensure that supplies reach the consumers at bonnie prices. (TEU)Since its foundation CAP has improved the agriculture of Europe in a great sense, but critics would say that costs of the successes are considerably amply for all. Some of the goals were fulfilled with little negative consequences, while others were solved with disputed methods that became a huge burden for the budget and had many counter-effects.The changes in Europes agricultural structure and productivity since 1961 caused by CAP were enormous. Thanks to the investment in technology, there was a growth in productivity of farms, decrease in people employed in agriculture, rapid urbanization and therefore prosperity in other sectors of economy. Statistics show that the workforce employed in agriculture declined from 11.3% in 1973 to 9.4% in 1980 and alone 5.7% in the whole of the EU in 1992. (Hitiris, 190)Productivity growth was rapid, and we can say that the aim of CAP to restructure the farming to make it more efficient is being fulfilled. The growth of the competency of the labor can be noticed on the fact that In 1960 over 15 million people in the original sextuplet had worked on the land. In the mid-1970s the agricultural population of the enlarged EC was still 14 million, falling to 10 million by the mid-1980s (Urwin, 187)Second goal of CAP is a social mission to help the quality of life story of the people in agriculture. This went little against the economic productivity and caused many negative consequences on it, especially by huge costs.The interventions that were made were not only subsidizing the farmers, that is a huge burden for EU budget but schmaltzy manipulations with prices and setting of standards. These two were criticized by many liberal economists as normalisation brought prices up, and artificial price setting caused surpluses and deficits.

Is It Okay to Cry at Work

What factors do you think make ab bulge organizations unproductive at managing sensations? Firstly, I think that the complex human thinking is wiz of the factors that make the organizations bad to manage the emotions. Every person has his or her induce emotions. Although in a same situation, they may non act in the same way. Thus, the organizations face difficulties when they argon dealing with their employees. This problem is even decent worse when the organisation is very large and contains many employees from different background.Furthermore, the function of an organisation some clocks unwraps out they themselves bathnot confine their own emotions as intumesce. Besides, receivable to the business culture and etiquette which are still remain poorly in some of the organisations, it becomes a problem for the organisations to manage the emotions effectively. Some of the organisations have not practised the sufficient business culture. For example, they will yell and shou t at the employees when things go wrong just like the second case mentioned.This shows that some of the organisations still do not concern to manage the emotions effectively. Moreover, emotions are reflex(a) physiological responses to the environment. It will be very hard for one to control his or her emotions by screen their true feelings within their heart. It revealed automatically. Even throng that are trying to cover their true emotions can be observed from their facial expression. Thus, this is not the fault that the organisations cannot manage the emotions effectively.This is because it is not an easy call on to control the emotions of whole organisations. 2. Do you think the strategic use and boasting of emotions serve to protect employees, or does covering your true emotions at work at lead to more problems than it solves? By covering ones emotions can sometimes ensure a work to be done perfectly. However, people that are always covering their own emotions will alwa ys find themselves in a stressful situation and they are very hard to communicate with others.Consequently, that kind of people can be easily bilk and lose their confidence in their business organisations. Problems such as unsatisfied towards the jobs, depression, commencement job performance and so on will then arise. At the end, it occasions more problems than what it wants to solve at first. Through the strategic use and intro of emotions, the employees can express their emotions in a manner way. They have to make out the ways to control their emotions even though they are working in a nasty situation. After that, they can voice up the problems that they are lining to the higher authority.In my opinion, this is even better than hiding the true emotion because the whole organisations can look into the problems deeply and try to come out with a solution. 3. Have you ever worked where emotions were utilize as part of a management style? Describe the advantages and disadvanta ges of this approach in your experience. Yes, in lay to finish the task given, emotions are always being used as part of a management style. For example, as a primary t individuallyer, he or she has to pretend to be angry when the students do not get word to the instructions even though the teacher may not be really losing the temper.Besides, as salesperson, they still have to put on their cheerful mask even though the customers will always criticise their products. It is ineluctable to use emotions as part of a management style. The advantages are the goals or objectives of the work can be done smoothly and without any obstacles. Besides, the emotions that used as a management style can sometimes create conflicts which are not necessary bad things. Employees can share their problems and opinions with each others. However, these conflicts have to be solved in a short time before they become more destructive.The disadvantages are by using this method acting is the employees emoti on fluctuates from time to time can create variation in job performance. Sometimes, they may not control their emotion very closely and thus affect their job. Moreover, the negatives and positives emotions can distract workers and then reduce their job performance. They are not too focusing on their jobs due to the reasons of facing emotional dilemma. 4. Research shows that acts of co-workers (37%) and management (22%) cause more negative emotions for employees than do acts of customers (7%).What can Lauras company do to change its emotional clime? Lauras company can try to arrange training and fundamental interaction programmes for their employees. Thus, the employees are able to interact with each others and learn to know the suitable ways to express their emotions. Communications among the co-workers are very important. The company must(prenominal) allow the criticism from the employees and the employees must take the initiatives to voice up their opinions without hiding thei r true feelings.One of the ways is by allowing the employees to write anonymous letter or notes to each other. They can express their positive and negative feelings to the other co-workers. However, the employees must use suitable sentences in the letter so that it does not healthy mean. The managers can also improve the employees moods by rewarding the employees for work well done. Positive individuals can also be selected to transmit positive moods to some other colleagues in an organisations just like what the text has mentioned.

Advantage and disadvantage of Budgeting

calculateing is ok in a certain environments scarcely everything changes so quickly that cyphering is a waste of time. It provides no useful exercise and is purely an academic exercise.Traditional figureing wastes time, distorts decisions, and turns honest managers into schemers. It does not deliver to be that way- if you atomic number 18 willing to sever the ties between figures and compensation.While discussing and make an evaluation of these statements, understanding of advantages and disadvantages of corporate calculateing is very important.This understanding is followed by the perceptive of budget, its need and its pros and cons (advantage/disadvantage). In such precondition, raised questions atomic number 18 respectively what is budget, why budget and objective of budget. (www.tuliptrees.com)Critical Discussion of the StatementWhat is Budget?Budget is taken as the most fundamental and the most effective pecuniary management tool available. Nevertheless, it is an absolute time taking activity if performed correctly. It is in like manner considered as an arduous plump. But budgeting is important and beneficialthere are many reasons that make budgeting a good deal. (www.tuliptrees.com ) (Journal of Performance Management, 2005 by Nolan, Gregory J)Why Budget?Budget plays a very important role in objectning, reckon and evaluation of operations. It provides a vehicle for translating programs in financial resource programs. (www.awesomelife.com )Advantages of incorporate BudgetingPlanning- It forces organization to plan to the fore and analytically anticipate the future.Maximum managers deal with a very eventful schedule and tough official activities.This prone those to exclude establishedized think unless budgeting is part of their job. If a formal plan of ack-ack gun is created, it allows managers or individuals to focus on problems before they actually occur. Daily direct interruptions are therefore decreased, due to knowledge of poss ible problems they generally bug out corrective actions, rather than imprudent solutions. (Journal of Performance Management, 2005 by Nolan, Gregory J)Organizing- A seemly budgeting places economic and human resources in the most financially rewarding areas and make managers aware of any scarcity of resources.Controlling- It examines variances from conventional targets (i.e. differences between actual and budgeted) and takes active actions. Actual presentation can be compared against budgeted amounts, giving managers an insight whether operations are meeting expectations or not.If scarcities arise, corrective actions can be employ to bring the operation back on target. Specific areas can be identified and investigated. (www.methodist.com, www.awesomelife.com )Coordinating- a proper budgeting is very useful in formal harmonization, as it helps system managers of assorted functions to operate in various directions and to work for the profit of the company.If everybody concerned sticks to the formal plan adopted by a budget, they become aware of where the enterprise is heading and ensures that it stays on track. In a large company, operations are commonly divided into different departments and under the accountability of different managers.To attain overall objectives, close coordination of activities is a necessity. The problems that could arise from a lack of coordination are massive. (Budget basic principle)When a budget for the overall organization is in place, every department knows where they fit into the overall plan and can be expected to work towards it. Thus budget brings a harmony, which is very important for the growth of any company. (Management account Summer By David E Stout, summer2008)Communicating Budget helps in exchanging information concerning goals, ideas, and achievements. It also grows necessary interaction and develops an awareness of how each of their activities contributes to the firms overall operation. (Budget Basics)Motiva ting Corporate budgeting acts as a gas for managers of the enterprises and motivates them to work hard. It also helps in maintaining an enthusiastic attitude among them towards their jobs. It can be achieved by realistic goals and the thrill it gives when such goals are met or achieved. (Management Accounting Summer By David E Stout, summer2008)Budgeting PlansThe book Budgeting Basics and beyond says that budgets are prepared in two term plans. One is short term plan is another is called broad term plan. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond by Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27,28,29)Short term plan- these plans are typically one year plan. Nevertheless, few plans are for two years and few are just week or month long plans. These plans examine cash flow, expected earning and other expenditures. These plans essentially rely on internal information and tactical objectives. Structures of such budget plans are predictable, fixed and persistently determinable.These are based on strategic plan s and concerned with existing markets and products. Short term budget area covers product, service, department, territory, division, get off and functions. These are usually expressed on a departmental basis. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond by Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27, 28, 29)It includes sales, manufacturing, marketing, management, research and consolidation plans. Short term preparation generally involves lower grade managers in providing stimulant drugs. In making of such budget plans, the line manger supervises and includes data in the making of long term budget planning. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond By Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27, 28, 29)Long Term Planning- This is normally of a broad, tactical nature to accomplish objectives. This plan is usually basketball team to ten years long (even more in few cases) and looks forward for the futuristic up-gradation of the company.This considers economical, political and industrial conditions too. These are formulated by v elocity management of the organization. They deal with products, markets, services and operation. Long term planning boosts sales, profitability, fork up on investment and growth of the organization.These plans need constant revision for the input of clean information. It covers all major areas of business including manufacturing, marketing, finance, engineering, law, accounting, and personnel. Planning for such areas should be matched into a wide-ranging plan to achieve corporate objectives. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond By Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27, 28, 29)This is taken as a combination of operating and cultivation plans. This plan should specify whet is the need, who needs it and when it is needed. Its function should be assigned to segments.Goal of long term planning includes market share, new business areas, new distributive channels, cost reduction, capital maintenance, and risks of cost reduction.Features of a good long term planning include flexibility, motivation , measurability and compatibility. These plannings are intended for growth of the organization, product development, plant working out and financing. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond By Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp 27, 28, 29)Long term budget planning is believed to be details of accomplishments of strategic plans. It incorporates evaluating alternatives, developing financial information, analyzing activities, allocating resources, manpower planning, finance digest and production planning.Time period for a long term plan depends on the time required for the product development, life cycle of the product and social system of capital facilities. Long term planning offers more alternatives in the par of short term planning.It is more effective when there is greater skepticism in economy and business environment. Nevertheless, planning of short term budget is easier than long term budget, as a long term budget deals with greater uncertainties. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond By Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27, 28, 29)

Esl felt

I felt in truth sad about this test because I washed-out a sens of time to prepare this test. After class, I asked my professor why did I get low grade. The professor told me check the essay again, and asked me to check our rules. Moreover. I still could not understand what does it mean, so I took my essay to the professors component part and asked her what is wrong with it. The professor told me we need to draw up academic essay, not the face-to-face essay, but I still wrote the personal essay, It Is not my professors require Therefore, I f all this essay.The professor also old me I throw away a lot of wrong grammar and spelling, and I swallow a big worry that is I did not grow a thesis statement. I was blot out about this problem, and I still do not know how to write It. The professor explained to me what Is thesis and what Is academic essay about one and a half hour. I am very thankful my professor so much because I understand how to write it. At home, I spent a lot of t ime to review it. A few weeks later, we have another In class essay, and the require Is to write a association that the professor told me last time, and I followed the rules and utilized he skills I have learned.First, I did a brain storm to write down all my ideas and details. Then, I started to write my first draft. After I am done, I double checked on it and wrote my final essay. A few geezerhood later, I got my essay back, and saw my grade. It is a C. It means I recommendation it, even it is not a high grade. But, I still capable on it because I improve my writing skills. In conclusion, after I took this class, I learned I have to utilize the skills I have learned, and follow the rules and require to get a high grade.

Explain what Plato meant by the Form of the Good Essay

Plato was an Ancient Greek philosopher whose writings and theories have greatly influenced the maturement of Western philosophy. Perhaps his near famous theory is that of the act upons pure ideas or concepts of what a THING is. It was Platos belief that as well as this world, the material world or the world of Appearances, as he c eithered it at that place exists another dimension, where the adjust Forms of every issue in the material world reside Reality, or the realm of the Forms. A Form, by Platos reckoning, is eternal, ameliorate and unchanging, un resembling the images or shadows of Forms that we see in the world of Appearances.In the material world, nothing is perfect, everything changes and last everything dies. However, Plato was a dualist, so he rememberd that as well as our deathlike body we also have an immortal soul which existed in advance and willing exist after our time in this world of appearances. The place where our souls resided before we were born and will return to when we die is the realm of the Forms. This, according to Plato explains wherefore we have an innate (though dim) recollection of what Forms atomic number 18, and wherefore we can recognize things like beauty and just nowice without being taught.Plato believed that the true philosopher was the one(a) who knew about the Forms and was try to appreciate and understand the Form of the healthy. The Form of the Good is the highest in Platos hierarchy of Forms, the highest reality. It is the source and the unity of all the other Forms, and illuminates them so that if one has understanding of the Form of the Good, they have understanding of all the Forms. In Platos analogy of the Cave, the Good is represented by the lie, which is the source of all the objects that the get away prisoner finds above ground. The Sun makes all the things above ground visible, just like the Form of the Good makes all the other Forms understandable.The Analogy of the Sun by Plato tell s us much about the Form of the Good. Plato believed that scene was the most noble of the five senses, because the other four require only two things, a sensor and a sensed (eg. an ear and a sound, a nose and a smell). Sight, however, requires three an eye, a thing to be seen and the fair weather to provide light and make it possible for the eye to see it. Plato likens sight to reason reason requires somebody to understand/to be enlightened, a thing to understand, and the Good to make it possible to understand it. The Form of the Good cannot ever be wholly present in the world of Appearances however it can, like the other Forms, be reflected in a variety of ways.This, Plato argues, is the reason why we can call so many different things grave because they all correspond to the true reality of practicedness at least in part. A cake can be called well(p) if it satisfies someones hunger and pleases their taste buds a chair can be called good if it is comfortable and doesnt break when you sit on it a someone can be called good if they are kind to others, or if they proffer in developing countries.But the Form of Good is all of these things, and more than all of these things, says Plato, and because all the Forms come from the Form of Good, every time honor or Beauty or Justice is reflected in the world of Appearances, Good is being reflected too. Some quite a little think that Platos theory of the Form of the Good doesnt work, because, they argue, around the world and through the ages there are different concepts and understandings of what it means to be good or what a good thing is, so there cannot possibly be a perfect singular Good to which all these different actions and people agree with. These people are known as moral relativists and they do not believe there is absolute morality, rather one must decide what is chasten and wrong from the particular situation they are in.For example, in some cultures, it is neer a good thing to take a life, even if that psyche has do terrible things including taking lives themselves. However, in other cultures, if the person has done terrible things society will agree that they should be executed for the good of the rest of society and to protect them from future crimes that the person could commit in the future. Plato was a moral absolutist, someone who does believe in a total, unchanging good. Moral absolutists would argue that just because not every culture recognizes the true goodness for what it is, that doesnt make it any less good.

Japanese Culture and Society Essay

lacquer is sphere having a potent economic power, and good income levels and the citizens standard of living atomic number 18 one of the highest in the world. lacquers fruitful economy is a result of fine consumer goods exports which were developed with the latest technologies that japan has to offer. An separate constituent which made lacquer rise would be its well-rounded culture. One of the obtrusive factors of lacquers culture would be its reproduction. tuition is a stabilizing factor in a persons life and a land. Education is one important factor in creating a strong country.The adult literacy rate in Japan is exceeding 99 percent which makes Japan to be one of the top nations in the whole world in terms of educational achievement. School education in Japan begins before grade one in pre domesticate. It is free and a absolute need for elementary and junior high naturalize education. In Japan, more than than than 99 percent of elementary coach-aged children arg on going to their respective discipline which is an astonishing statistic for a nation. Their high cultivate ar composed of twain divisions which are junior and senior high school which is composed of terzetto years each.An estimate of one third of the senior high school students continues their education to college. Their admission to different high schools and university are based on difficult entrance exams. There is much competition in getting a high position in the entrance exams because most of Japans well paying jobs admit employees of the graduates of high quality universities. Approximately, 1 percent of elementary schools and 5 percent of junior high schools are private establishments or are non owned by the government. An estimated of 25 percent of high schools are privately owned.There are no biases between public and private schools in Japan, entrances to elite universities are not based on the status of a students school. In the year 1998, it was evident that i n that respect were 604 four-year college universities and 588 two-year junior colleges were in Japan. some(prenominal) of the elite and prominent universities in Japan include the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, and Keio University in Tokyo. The advance(prenominal) beginnings of education in Japan were sourced in the ideas and teachings from ancient China. In the sixteenth and 17th centuries, European travellers also affected the Nipponese school education.From the years1640 to 1868, during Japans era of separation under the Tokugawa shoguns, Buddhist temple called terakoya served as the schools of the country. The temples took accountability for the countrys education and made astounding growths in raising the literacy levels among the population of the country. In the year 1867, it was assumed that there were more than 14,000 temple schools all over Japan. In the year 1872, the new Meiji administration created a ministry of education and a thorough educational code th at constructiond widespread primary education.During this period, Japan looked at other nations such(prenominal) as Europe and North America for effective educational models. As the Japanese regime expanded during the late 1930s and early 1940s, education of the country became a factor for nationalistic and militaristic needs. After Japans defeat in World War II, the educational system of the country was refurbished because of some concerns. Changes incorporated the current grade structure that states that the elementary school is six years and junior and senior high school are composed of 3 years each there was also the implementation of a guarantee of equal access to free, public education.The changes included a finish to the teaching of nationalistic ideology. Reforms also sought to encourage students self-expression and amplification flexibility in curriculum and classroom procedures. Nonetheless some critics until now deem that education in Japan is extensively rigorous, p referring memorization of facts at the outlay of imaginative expression, and geared to encouraging social conventionality. Education in Japan is taken seriously and is a big attribute to the development of the country.Education is shown as factor in a young persons life, it a vital block to a Japanese citizens structure and identity. Japan, as of any country, has its own social problems, this includes youth deviance. In Japan, there are also youth problems such as young multitude smoking, drinking alcohol, reading pornographic magazines and staying out late. These activities in some other countries are now accepted as ordinary youth culture. precisely one of the data radically shows that youths that participate in these appalling youth culture are mostly participated by lower high school students.(Yoder) The higher high school students do not involve themselves in these said youth culture unlike the lower high school students. (Yoder) Higher high school students spend most of th eir time in schooling. There are more occupied with academic and non academic matters such as aiming for high grades to get to an elite university and honing their skills in different sports and talents. It is a fact that when a Japanese student gets older, he becomes more progress and focuses his priorities more in his education than in awful youth activities.Education in Japan offers a complete picture of young mess and a reasonable understanding of their lives. Most of the labelled delinquents in the youth of Japan are those who do not participate much in school or are not guided by their parents and guardians. (Yoder) Japan has made schooling as guidance for its youth. The country has successfully installed the richness of education to their youth and the youth responds accordingly to it. If it werent for their proper education, Japans youth wouldnt require anything to guide it.The effect of education to the youth in Japan is great because the country focused a great deal on education and allocated much funds for it. as yet though most of Japan is comprised of public schools, the public schools still have the same quality of education as of other private schools in other countries. (Yoder) This wonderful trait makes Japans education a wonderful asset to a Japanese person. Another evidence on how much education affects Japan would be the effect of deaf(p) education. Until the mid-1970s, deaf citizens of Japan receive few legal privileges and little social acknowledgment.(Nakamura) By the law, they were categorized as minors or as mentally deficient, not capable of acquiring a drivers licenses or all the same sign contracts and wills. Many deaf people in the country worked at establishments that offer basic tasks or were frequently unemployed, and schools for the deaf initiate a complicated regimen of speech reading and oral speech approaches rather than signing. (Nakamura) After several decades, activism became the ears of deaf men and women which a re now essentially acknowledged within mainstream of Japanese society.

Ashoka country/region: India Lifespan Essay

Political sources prior to leaders gaining great powerThe Mauryan imperium was perhaps the largest imperium ever to dominate the Indian subcontinent. Administration of Mauryan dynasty act a stupendous instance, in which the top order established dire groundwork for their descendants.Chandragupta Maurya, the founder king of the Mauryan Dynasty, represents the quintessence of the Mauryan kings, who materialised the very idea of semipolitical unification of India.social condition prior to leaders gaining powerAmong the more significant changes which had taken place by the middle of the source millennium B.C. was the phylogenesis of towns and urban culture. The coming of Aryan culture establish on pastoralism and agrarian village communities. It resulted in the entire process of development from village cultures to urban cultures being re-experienced in northern India. Towns evolved from trade centres and art villages, and consequently the dominant institution of urban life was the guild.economic condition prior to leaders gaining powerLand revenue had been accepted as a major source of state income before the Mauryas. The proverbial wealth of the Nandas was doubtless due to their efficient collection of revenue from the generative middle Ganga plain. ideology, motivation, goalsAshoka goals were to bring Buddhist values, general welfare, justice, and security.significant actions & events during terminus of powerAshokas military power was so strong that he was able to crush those empires that went to war against him. Ashoka withal planted trees in his empire and his neighboring countries. Ashoka was perhaps the first emperor in human chronicle to ban slavery, hunting, fishing and deforestation. Ashoka also banned the death sentence and asked the selfsame(prenominal) for the neighboring countries. Ashoka commanded his people to serve the orders of their elders parents and religious monks. Ashoka also recommended his people drive and respect all go dlinesss. According to Ashoka, to harm anothers religion is a harm to ones own religion. Ashoka asked people to cash in ones chips with harmony, peace, love and tolerance. Ashoka called his people as his children, and they could call him when they need him. He also asked people to save money and not to spend for immoral causes. concise term effectsAfter his death the dynasty fell, creating a new dynasty in India. long term effectsAshoka influence the spread of Buddhism thought India. Until at present most of the Indian population still is Buddhists.View as multi-pages

A Rose for Emily: the Characteristic of Miss Emily

Emilys travel The characteristic of vault Emilys dramaturgy isa symbol for her appearance as she starts ripening and deteriorating with time and neglect. It was a big, squarish cast house that had once been dust coat because it became an eyesore among eyesores. Miss Emily changed the same ways as her house did and she too became an eyesore. She had once been a slender figure in white and later she becomes bloated, like a eubstance long submerged in placid water with eyes lost in the fatty ridges of her face.During Miss Emilys death she had been referred to as a go monument, which could cockeyed she was once something picturesque and prosperous but with time she grew elder and poor. These same changes from prosperity to poverty occurred in the sulphur after the Civil War. (Faulkner 521-527) The call box is another symbol that leadsyou to believe Miss Emily is still living in her come out bellum era when she was in her prime with her father. The postbox is Emilys refus al to move forward, it is a visual representation of the communication she has severed, for her time stands still.She go forth not allow the town to jell a house number on her home for the free postal service. She as well as tells the tax collectors to talk to Colonel Sartoris (who has been dead for ex years) to resolve her problem that she doesnt deliver taxes. This shows Miss Emilys, maybe even shows the Souths neglect of time and propensity to live in the then(prenominal). (SparkNotes Editors) The symbolism for the move up which in my opinion is the most interest symbol throughout the whole spirit level is actually the symbol for the ending that includes Emily murdering her bag that went away. homing pigeon is Emilys uprise, roses ar often acquainted with love, seeing that the rose was protectd we can take it to mean that Emily wanted to preserve the rose and frankincense also mean she would like to preserve her love. The rose for Emily was the room where she neatl y determined the body of Homer Barron (her sweetheart), or by chance unspoiled Homer himself. The room was draw as having rose-shaded lights and the curtains giving off a faded rose color. subtle from having a girlfriend, many women like to ironic out their roses in order to documentation them forever, maybe in Emilys distorted mind she wanted to keep Homer forever. (SparkNotes Editors) Faulkner uses crafty symbolism for the sake of the level itself, and also takes it a step supercharge by using the changes of Emily Grierson as a symbol for the changes in the post-bellum south. Creatively Faulkner uses the scattered chronology to set the stage of the fallen south, which just wants to keep holding on the past when it reigned. Work Cited

Comparison Paragraph

In the shortly story cardinal Kinds by Amy Tan, with the purpose of epiphany and dramaing points the reader is able to fulfil the protagonists growth and substitute in personality through let on the story. The protagonist, Jing-Mei and her obtain emigrated from China to the US, thus the family struggled in adapting to the naked as a jaybird culture and lifestyle. Heavily influenced by the opportunities and hopes with a new life in US, Jing-Meis beat wanted Jing-Mei to become a prophecy like the other girls on television. Jing-Mei was determined and eager to prove to her get she was a prodigy, and thereby had full sureness in herself.She believed her dumbfound and father would adore her and shed be beyond reproach. (pg4). As Jing-Meis mother quizzed Jing-Mei with countless questions and tests, Jing-Mei started getting spoil by her mothers disappointments and something inner(a) her began to die (pg 5). But at the resembling time when she stood in front of the mirror t he girl staring back at her was angry, powerful. (pg 5) and she saw what seemed to be a prodigy internal of her (pg 5). Jing-Meis mother then further Jing-Mei to hightail it piano and perform in a talent show.When Jing-Meis turn came, she was confident and thought without a doubt, that the prodigy inside of her really did exist (pg 7). However, as she started playing she was surprised when she hit the offshoot wrong note. And then hit some other and another (pg 7). In the end, Jing-Meis surgical operation was nothing like she expected she matte up the shame of her mother and father as they sat stiffly through the take a breather of the show (pg 7). After the talent show, Jing-Meis was devastated and decided she was never going to play piano anymore she could never be the prodigy or daughter her mother wants her to be.As a consequence Jing-Mei starts to come through her own path, she did not believe that she could be anything she wanted to be, she could scarcely be her (pg 9). She blasted most of her misery on her mother. This this moment change in attitude portrays deep how bit points in life alters a persons perspective and persona. briefly story The Stolen Party by Liliana Hecker as well as shows how turning points can change in the way a person flock things and their initial personality. In Stolen Party the protagonist, Rosaura honorable like Jing-Mei had full confidence in herself.She believed she was invited to a party as a guest, she firmly declares shes been invited because Luciana is her friend (pg 11). However, her mother, who is a wetnurse for Lucianas family warns Rosaura that Luciana is not her friend (pg 11) and that Rosaura is only recognized as the maids daughter. Her mother also advises Rosaura not to go the part because its a rich peoples party (pg 11). Rosaura disregards her mother and attends the party anyways. At the party, Rosaura is toughened like a guest and asked to enrol in the activities, she also received a deli ghtful compliment from the magician.This made Rosaura tall and encouraged. When the party ended, Senora Ines were gaving out pink and inconsolable bags to the the guests at the party. Roasaura expected Senora Ines to also pass by her the goodie, but when it was her turn Senora Ines didnt look in the pink bag. Nor did she look in the spicy bag. Instead she rummaged in her purse. In her move over appeared two bills. (pg 14). Rosaura has an epiphany, she realizes she wasnt invited as a guest to the party, but rather as a servant to help out like a Senora Ines pet (pg 14). righteous like Jing-Mei, Rosauras perspective changes instantly. She on the spur of the moment understands what her mother has been trying to teach her and is direct well aware of her position and tender status, and so she instinctively press herself against her mothers body (pg 14) for support. This shows the difference in her initial personality. In conclusion, in Two Kinds and The Stolen Party the protagoni sts turning points and epiphanies play a significant fictional character in the altering of their perspective and persona.

Gas Agency

softw ar package fatality judicial admission for BuzzyBUY. com (Online Shopping and auctioning web Site) Prep atomic number 18d by Table of limit 1. Introduction 2 1. Purpose 2 2. Document Conventions2 3. Int suppressed Audience and in phase angleation Suggestions2 4. carrefour Scope2 5. References 2 2. Over altogether description 3 1. Product Perspective3 2. Product Functions3 3. drug mappingr Classes and Char causeeristics 3 1. executives 3 2. Buyers4 3. sellers 4 4. unconcerned visitants4 4. rule and Implementation Constraints5 . User Documentation6 6. Assumptions and Dependencies6 3. orthogonal Interface Requirements6 1. User Interfaces6 2. Hardw ar Interfaces6 3. package Interfaces6 4. Communication Interfaces7 4. System Features7 1. Listing7 2. Account Creation8 3. Selling8 4. buying8 5. Rating8 6. otherwises8 5. varied Non Functional Requirements9 1. Performance Requirements9 2. Safety Requirements9 3. parcel Quality Attri only ifes 9 4. Business Rules9 6 . extension A Glossary9 7. appendix B abbreviation Models10 1. Introduction 1. Purpose The purpose of this SRS is to characterize the requirements of the web based softwargon act buzzybuy. om, which is an online shopping and complotding administration. The module to be developed is the first variation of buzzybuy version 1. 0. This Softw atomic number 18 Requirements Specification provides a recognize description of all the functions and specifications of buzzybuy version 1. 0 2. Document conventions IEEE standards used. straight-laced sub be corpse for sub topics based on the importance and priority of the matter. 3. Intended audience and reading suggestionsThe expected audience of this muniment is the faculty in charge of software engineering lab for 6th semester entropy processor Science, NITK suratkal .It result be used as a reference for grading in the lab for even semester of 2006. Thither is no suggested reading to be done sooner going through the document . 4. Product compass Buzzybuy. com is designed to run on both(prenominal) either modern platform with GUI. It is faux that the rearwards end that go out be used for implementation is MySQL and the front end that ordain be used is PHP. 5. References 1. The applicable IEEE standards are published in IEEE standards exhibition, 2001 edition. 2. Software Engineering, A Practitioners approach, 6th edition. By Roger S Pressman. McGraw cumulus international. 2. Overall description 1.Product perspectiveThis is proposed to be an enhanced model of the present sidereal day existing shopping and auctioning portals. Many flaws in the present online shopping portals keep backnt been able to exploit the full latent of e-commerce grocery. The Software Requirements Specifications intends to identify the flaws in the true existing ashes and propose an alternate or a solution to them. 2. Product Functions It consists of two modules 1. Customer module 2. executive module A customer sho uld put one over a exploiter describe for carrying come forth performances. Transactions include buying, selling and auctioning. Administrator provides the customer with an account happening neat registration procedures to prevent malpractices in the achievements. any visitor is allowed to browse through the merchandise list, their prices and command procedures. get, selling and bidding procedures are kept transparent so that any drug user is able to go through the procedures. 3. User classes and characteristics in that respect are 3 kinds of users for the proposed system 1. Administrators They create user accounts and give it to the tamp customers. ? To educate consumers almost Buzzybuys divagate of increases and indigenous services. They mustiness provide rules for the minutes. ? They must maintain the web point and update the same make necessary changes at fourth dimensions. ? They must take care of the armamentage issues affect in the transactions. ? They must inform the users nigh their transaction status and keep them updated about the boost through emails. ? They must receive feedbacks from their customers or any users about their system and act upon the relevant ones. ? Look up at all the legal issues involved with the short letter. ? restrict place for advertizements in the web put as a revenue generating option.The place has to be maintained and proper leanings done. ? Any fai stimulates in the system stick out to be detected and repaired. 2. Buyers They are the genuine customers of the website. They buttocks see the inclination, bid for dissimilar things, and also buy them to various payment options. 3. Sellers These are the race involved in selling their products through buzzybuy. They encounter this as a virtual market place. They get hold of to be provided with proper advertisement place, and ratings of customers. The sellers as considerably as are rated based on the feedback they get from previous tr ansactions perfect from customers.These feedback data are treated with not bad(p) respect and are transparent to e realone. The sellers similarly value this very highly. 4. Casual visitors These people dont come to the site on specific intensions of buying or selling. They just visit to see the listing and too see the products. They inquire not moderate an user account. They elicit be future potential customers. They sellers can lure them with advertisements on the site based on their budget. The following usecase diagram states the above data in a graphical form pic Fig 1 Usecase Diagram for BuzzyBuy 4. Design and Implementation Constraints The main constraint here would be the subdueing the genuineness of the buyer, which is not ever possible. There can be security risks involved. The design constraints are that the browser at each place may not follow similar screen resolutions, browsers and so on This can lead to the website not having the disturb it is planned to ha ve. Also the rules of the land leave behind prohibit certain items to be sell on the site. Hence all those factors need to be filtered in. Also storage lieu constraints may come if the listing becomes too large. Hence a strong host needs to be chosen to host the database. 5.User Documentation 1. Online user help with all the necessary help needed to use the site in a publicise format. 2. Problem addressable forms 3. Software and database specification 4. Details of rules and regulation to sellers as well as buyers. 6. Assumptions and Dependencies None as per directly 3. External Interface Requirements 1. User Interfaces for each one part of the user interface intends to be as user friendly as possible. The fonts and buttons used impart be think to be very fast and blowzy to load on web pages. The pages imparting be kept light in space so that it wont take a long time for the page to load.The staring page will ask the user what kind of a user is he, either seller, buyer or a casual visitor. Based on which the future pages will be unfaltering in a sequential manner. severally listing page will have a area to put the bid, the product items with photo etc. for each one page also will have a bet engine to take care the products in stock(predicate) so that it is readily available and the user need not search for it. to each one button will have an online help link to help the user in understanding the process. 2. Hardware Interfaces A web server will be used to host the WebPages and the database management system.Most pages will be dynamic pages built with php. Each page will be optimized to the theatrical role of web browser and resolution universe used. A minimum of PIII system cut at 733 MHz will be needed to run the modules. Normal modes of net modes used in Internet engineering will be used. 3. Software Interfaces The succeeding(prenominal) message mostly includes askings for a specific task, which on the course of the development wil l be decided in detail and dealt with in design specification document. The debut messages from the messages will be converted to a specific format in the database language, the treat do and the request served.The operations will be intended to be do as fast as possible. 4. communications Interfaces The web server maintenance and other activities to be done using FTP beam protocol. The security and other issues will be dealt with in the course of the project, as there is little idea as to how these things work to our team as per now. There will other communication interfaces with the users of the site with site-specific email, forms and complaint addressable mechanisms. These things as out-of-the-way(prenominal) as possible will be automated. 4. System Features 1.Listing This includes the listing feature of the website where any search or other request of a user to a special subject is served. The pertinent web pages are loaded and the particular(prenominal) database is i nitialized. There are listings based on the priority as by user preferences. This is actually the listing of web pages to the users by time of selling, deadline, price, prime(prenominal) etc. Listing includes listing of o Products to be sold directly o Products open for bidding till a particular date o Sellers in a particular area or with specific ratings o Used products on for sale. Just casual listings of random things o Payment options to buy or sell. work on Software reaction User logs in the system The system authenticates User defines the selective information to view System provides the necessary expound as requested by the particular employee User views the information Table No 1. The table states a typical maintain passing in the system during record in Listings will be made very fast and user friendly. Proper security is also a very pertinent point here. 2. Account humans This includes creating user accounts to each of sellers and buyers separately. This incl udes taking pertinent information from them and then initializing the database. The database needs to be properly updated on each transaction by the user and all the expand of his/her account should figure in the account listing.The security of the account also should be dealt with. 3. SellingHere the seller can list his/her things on his /her quoted price. Or else he can keep it for a bidding process where he is not undisputable of the price. The inside information of which will be kept in the user database. The lucubrate of his goods on selling list will be updated to him on a regular soil to his email id. The process of selling can include some bargaining too, but the details are yet to be thought of.The payment and feed back details are kept transparent. 4. BuyingThere are 4 slipway of buying or intending to buy o Direct buying o process o Group buying o Tracking The details of which will be dealt with in the design specification. Each of these details are kept in the user account where he is kept updated about all his moves. 5. Ratings Each products, buyers and sellers are invariably rated based on the feedback and the market air so that users feel secure about the system.These ratings are given based on a best pointer of five, the details of which are yet to be worked out. These ratings are intended to bring some organized religion and credibility to the concept of an online market. 6. Others Include specie transactions, legal issues, regional tastes, costs involved, business models used etc pertinent issues but wont be seen in detail in the document as the things are beyond the reach of the design team. 5. Other Nonfunctional Requirements 1. Performance Requirements As stated before. 2.Safety Requirements Suitable safety has to be interpreted while allowing a product to be sold on buzzybuy. They have to follow the legalities of the land, and must be ethical. There could be possible misuse of the system by bogus user, bidding and buying withou t give up. It is not always possible to check the postal addresses. Also during money transactions the unreliable networks may cause hike up problems. So such practices need to be avoided. 3. Software Quality Attribute The system is easy to load and light .It adds to the persona and usability of the system. Some others quality considerations such as adaptability, availability, correctness, flexibility, interoperability, maintainability, portability, reliability, reusability, robustness, testability, and usability will also be very seriously taken to consideration. 4. Business Rules nonentity is above customer satisfaction. So the rules need to be kept flexible to equalise user needs and preferences at different times. Other models can be employ but is beyond the scope of the team. . addition A Glossary 1. SRS Software requirement specification 2. GUI Graphical user interface. 3. PHP Personal home pages 4. IEEE Institute of galvanizing and electronic engineers. 5. FTP File tr ansfer protocol 6. SQL Structural query language. 7. Appendix B Analysis Models pic &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 primordial touch on server Listing Selling Buying administration Administrator Casual visitor Seller Buyer Buyer Seller Casual visitor Administrator Administration Buying Selling Listing Central Processing server

Behavioral Finance and Wealth Management

Some financial advisors ar needlessly struggling with behavioral finance because they lack a systematic port to apply it to their client relationships. In my 2006 book, behavioural Finance and Wealth Management, I insinuate a method of applying behavioral finance to private clients in a expressive style that I now refer to as bottom-up. This means that for financial advisors to diagnose and divvy up behavioral moldes, he or she essential first test for all behavioral biases in a client, and then coiffe which ones a client has before organism able to use bias learning to create a customized investing plan.In my book I describe the nearly common behavioral biases an advisor is belike to encounter, explain how to diagnose these biases, show how to report behavioral investor types, and finally show how to plot of ground this information on a graph to create the clients best practical allocation. just now some advisors may find this bottom-up approach too time-consumi ng or complex. So, I created a simpler, more high-octane approach to bias identification that is top-down, a shortcut if you go away, that whoremonger make bias identification much easier.I expect it behavioural Alpha, and the core of this process is quartetsome behavioral investor types. Over the next four articles, we impart learn the four behavioral investor types and how to deal with each of these types of investors. For readers to understand behavioral investor types, they need to fuck off a native understanding of the 20 behavioral biases I outline in my book. In this article, we go out review these biases that be encountered with actual clients, with a description of the bias and a compart psychicization of whether the bias is cognitive or perceptional.Behavioral biases fall into two broad categories, cognitive and emotional, with both varieties yielding irrational judgments. A cognitive bias sack be technically defined as a basic statistical, information proces sing, or retentiveness error common to all forgiving organisms. They also can be legal opinion of as blind spots or distortions in the human mind. Cognitive biases do not result from emotional or intellectual predisposition toward a trustworthy judgments, but alternatively from subconscious mental procedures for processing information.On the opposite locating of the spectrum from illogical or distorted cerebrate we have emotional biases. Although emotion is a difficult word to describe and has no single universally accepted definition, an emotion is a mental state that arises spontaneously, rather than through conscious effort. Emotions are physiologic expressions, often involuntary, related to touch modalitys, perceptions or beliefs about elements, objects or relations between them, in reality or in the imagination.Emotions can be undesired to the individual feeling them he or she might gaze to control their emotions but often cannot. Investors can be presented with emoti onally based investment decisions, and may make suboptimal decisions by having emotions stir these decisions. Often, because emotional biases originate from impulse or intuition rather than conscious calculations they are difficult to correct. Emotional biases include endowment, impairment aversion, and self-control.We will investigate both cognitive and emotional biases in the next section. The notation between cognitive and emotional is an significant one, because advisors will want to advise their clients otherwise based on which types of biases are being acted out. In the next four articles, we will use the biases described here a lot, so I encourage readers to get to know the biases presented here in concept. We will apply them to client situations in later(prenominal) articles.

Herbert Marcuse: Life and Philosophies Essay

Herbert Marcuse was born in 1898 in Berlin and analyze in Freiburg where he received his PhD in 1922 in Literature. His life was mainly visualized in his various roles as a philosopher, social theorist, and policy-making activist and university professor. cognise to us as the father of the in the buff Left, he has authored m every(prenominal) books and maneuvericles in support of his popular opinions. During his early years of c atomic number 18er, he has worked with M dodgein Heidegger, then 1 of the most potent thinkers in Germany and who he has regarded his mentor.His initial heads on philosophical perspectives of phenomenology, existentialism, and Marxism were demonstrated in his starting signal published article in 1928. He had offered a different view almost Marxist thought and that is probably what scholars from the in the raw Left had derived from him. He argued that in that location is a good deal to Marxism that most Marxists have overlooked- it is more than a battle of transition from capitalism to socialism. He decided to join the Institut fur Sozialforschung in Frankfurt, later in Geneva and capital of South Carolina University.He studied Hegels Ontology and hypothesis of Historicity in 1932. He published in 1933, a major review of economical and Philosophical Manuscripts written by Marx in 1844, meant to correct the early interpretations of Marxist scholars. His theories were come to on small perspectives on modern font capitalism and rotatory change and spill from the rich hence the essence of his linear society and his theory of the expectant refusalConsequently, he became one of the most influential skilfuls in the United States during the 1960s and into the 1970s. Here he has written Reason and Revolution (1941), which explored the return of the ideas of Hegel, Marx, and modern social theory, introducing to English readers the Hegelian-Marxian tradition of dialectical thinking and social analysis.He has worked as th e head of the Central European bureau by the end of origination War II, after which he returned to intellectual work and published Eros and refining in 1955 which is a synthesis of Marx and Freud lay out that the unconscious apprehended evidence of an instinctual drive toward contentment and exemption articulated in daydreams, whole kit and boodle of art, philosophical placement, and other cultural products- a non-repressive refining is imagined where libidinal and non-alienated labor, play, free and open gender manifest. He became a professor in Brandeis University and University of California in La Jolla.He died in 1979. Herbert Marcuses contri stillion to social theory transcends others in his use of philosophy in his explanations. For one, his Philosophy of cheat is best characterized as negative art. His idea about a great art is one that is irrational, negative and destructive. Nonetheless, it is important in the society as it is useful. Again, going hazard from h is Freudian cum Marxian critique of the capitalistic society where this notion of art emanates Freuds psychology places a heavy speech pattern on the role of (sexual) repression.The reality dominion replaces the pleasure formula in young person children. This is the basis of civilized society, and nothing net satisfy these unconscious desires of adults. The ego that represses and is disgust by what is crush is the adult, social egotism succession the self that delights in the repressed is the childish, anti-social self. This repression is exemplified by folk characters such as Peter Pan. A modification was do by Marcuse by adding a variation between necessary and surplus repression. The source is essential for survival while the last mentioned is expected by other people (e. g. rulers). redundance repression is eliminated while necessary repression is minimized by progress. However, surplus repression is heightened by the elite. If it was necessary repression that was creation challenged, we would have the duty to constrain the scandalisation that people express as a product of inner conflict and impact civilization. So that we could conquer the surplus repression on the other hand, we must release our excess desires from all repressions. The art then serves as the source of such revolution. These conceptions of repression argon ostensible in his Eros and Civilization. each discussion about his Philosophy on nontextual matter would have to deal with this critical work. Eros and Civilization may be considered a Marxist interpretation of Freuds Civilization and Its Discontents. Marcuse argued contrary to Freud that repression of the Libido is not a necessary precondition of civilization but only of a civilization exceptional by want and toil, which is of economic scarcity. (Eidelberg, 1969) Also, in One-Dimensional Man, he argued that subtle forms of repression exists amidst the freedom and affluence manifested in American society.From these two, he was able top coin the enclosure repressive tolerance which according to him is generated by an economy found on be after obsolescence and the intersection of wastes. While the economic brass may produce useful and right things, its existence depends primarily on the production of frivolous and even harmful things. And while it may sometimes satisfy authorized necessitate, more often it manufactures a numerosity of infatuated beg (Eidelberg 1969) In addition, the products of the economy, wish that in the entertainment industry demand creates this false instinct thru the re follow outs, beliefs, ideas and feelings that it carries which immunes the industry against falseness.The accredited chooses atomic number 18 repressed because the manufacturing and expiation of artificial needs produce a feeling of satisfaction which constrains the single from argue economic and political structures. This is why great art for Marcuse is one that is able to a cquit from the manufactured rationality, positivism and subtle repressions of the society- one that goes out of the averageal, accepted and gratified.There are sealed forms of art that are meant to launch the uniform ideas, sentiments and want that are categorize as false and are there to create a pleasant family relationship between producers and consumers. Marcuses Philosophy of Art clearly follows his line of argumentations on repression. No good art would aim at participating in the creation of false consciousness and establish needs and wants that individuals do not regard as necessary. For Herbert Marcuse, authorized needs are those that the individual decides for him self because no need nor want may be dictated by any tribe, society, and so on more or less of Marcuses philosophy arises from his interpretation of Hegels. In his work, Reason and Revolution, Pippin says that Most clearly, what Marcuse wants to preserve and defend in Hegel is the primal place given in hi s system to negativeness, the power of thought and action to reject and transform any acknowledged positive reality, and the impossibility of understanding any such reality except in relation to this possibility. Accordingly, in Reason and Revolution, he again rejects in Hegel all those aspects of his thought that tend to suppress or overmaster this negating potential (Pippin 1988 Cited in Anderson 1993)It seems that this negativity will be the source and means of acquiring reason and knowledge that presupposes freedom from repression. This is the alike negativity that Marcuse expresses in the great art. Anderson explains this negativity in relation to Marx and Hegel For Marx, as for Hegel, the dialectic takes note of the fact that the negation inherent in reality is the moving and fanciful principle. The dialectic is the dialectic of negativity electronegativity is important to Marx in part because economic realities exhibit their own inherent negativity.Marcuses stress on H egels concept of negativity is new and original. (Anderson 1993) Hence, certain types of art exhibit the principle of negativity that may not portray existing realities as the essence of reality may therefore be implicit yet is creative to convey ideas of the unknown and legitimate. How then are Marcuses ideas especially his philosophies relevant in todays society? I could only think of the prevailing close and how such is played by media, capitalism, political structures and organizations.How is repression exhibited by their activities and ideas? Which of our true needs are suppressed? Which of the needs they insist on the public are considered false needs? Where is art as the potential revolutionary tool to resist repression? Imagine television system moneymaking(prenominal)s that are do to promote certain products. While many are made to patronize the product, the demand has been created as a result of a dictation for the purport of profit for the producer, tv network, etc. The demand created may only satisfy the outward needs of the consumer.For, even if the will of the individual to consume the product may be voluntary, it is nonetheless a form of companionship to the orthodox or mainstream beliefs and desires. The tv commercial becomes the tool for the expansion of the false consciousness. The economic system created becomes a system of gratification of what seemingly appears as demand yet demand dictated by profit, ergo false. The true needs are repressed for the true need emerges as the ideas that are advocating liberation from the norm and comfortably accepted. Art could become a tool for this revolutionary endeavor.In the same way that Art could be apprehended readily in the societal market, it could contain subtle thoughts and ideologies aimed at pursuing true needs with less confrontation and hindrances. Art may take various forms paintings, music, architecture, literature, etc. While Art is also categorised as mainstream and peripheral, only those that are based on Reason may genuinely reflect realities and negate the economic rationalities presented in a repressed society. Herbert Marcuse has truly contributed a lot to the understanding of various societal aspects. His Philosophy of Art is a flying field that is both enlightening and liberating.